Caption:
Chemical structure diagram on degradation showing bonds. From the papers of Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906-1979), German-born British biochemist and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin. In 1939, he joined Howard Florey to investigate natural antibacterial agents produced by microorganisms. This led him and Florey to revisit the work of Alexander Fleming, who had described penicillin nine years earlier. Chain and Florey went on to discover penicillin's therapeutic action and its chemical composition. He also theorized the structure of penicillin, which was confirmed by X-ray crystallography done by Dorothy Hodgkin. For this research, Chain, Florey, and Fleming received the Nobel Prize in 1945.