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Walther Flemming (1843-1905) was a German biologist and a founder of cytogenetics. His discovery of mitosis and chromosomes is considered one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology. His investigations of mitosis were published in 1882 in the seminal book, Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung (Cell substance, nucleus and cell division).