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William F. Friedman (1891-1969) was a US Army cryptographer who ran the research division of the Army's Signal Intelligence Service in the 1930s and 1950s. In 1940, subordinates of his led by Frank Rowlett broke Japan's PURPLE cipher. Elizebeth Smith Friedman (1892-1980) is considered America's first female cryptanalyst. During World War II, Friedman's unit was the principal U.S. source of intelligence on Operation Bolívar, the clandestine German network in South America.