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Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (1835-1910) was an Italian astronomer and science historian. In 1888, Schiaparelli announced the discovery of a network of narrow lines on Mars, which he described as "canali," an Italian word that means "channels." In Italian, the word can mean a natural channel like a river valley. Schiaparelli's drawings show winding lines that look natural. Unfortunately, English speakers interpreted "canali" as "canals," which are artificial. Some people went so far as to propose the idea that the canals were irrigation canals built by a supposed intelligent civilization on Mars.