The Siege of Drogheda took place on September 3-11, 1649. The coastal town of Drogheda was held by the Irish Catholic Confederation and English Royalists under the command of Arthur Aston when it was besieged by Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell. After Aston rejected an offer to surrender, the town was stormed and much of the garrison was executed and hundreds, possibly thousands of civilians were killed by the Parliamentarian troops. The outcome of the siege and the extent to which civilians were targeted is a significant topic of debate among historians. An Illustrated History of Ireland by Mary Francis Cusack, 1868 (cropped and cleaned).